History of Athletics # All-Power_ Games
brief history :
The Beginnings ::: It is likely that the first enemy race took place thousands of years ago. The race for the enemy is described in the Greek epic poetic Iliad, which is likely to have been written in the eighth century BC.
Enemy race was the only competition in the first Olympic Games held in Greece in 776 BC. Athletics were introduced to England in the twelfth century AD ¡but it did not become popular and popular until the nineteenth century.
The recovery in the nineteenth century AD:
Enemy races were common in England during the sixteenth century AD ¡but the races on specific tracks of measurements did not start until the beginning of the nineteenth century AD º where modern athletics began in the schools of England.
Eaton School held a match between classes in 1837. The University of Cambridge competed in 1864 against the University of Oxford in the first inter-university athletics race.
As for the annual English tournaments, they started in London in 1866.
Several other countries held tournaments before the beginning of the twentieth century ¡In 1895 AD, the New York Athletics Club met the London Athletics Club in the first prominent international meeting. In 1896 AD, Athens, Greece, hosted the first modern Olympic Games. Although the performance of the players in Athens was not great ¡
However, the Olympic Games aroused great interest in the Games themselves. And the competitions between women - which were not part of the first Olympic Games - also began in the late nineteenth century AD.
Early and mid-twentieth century AD:
In 1912, 16 countries agreed to form the International Amateur Athletics Federation to govern and manage athletics for men. In 1917 AD, an international organization was formed for competitions between women. Separate international tournaments for women were held until 1928 when women entered the Olympic competitions.
In the 1920s, Finnish runner (Pavi Nurmi) raised athletics to the international popular level º where he broke world records 35 times ¡and won nine Olympic gold and three silver.
And Babi Dedrickson, from the United States, has elevated women's athletics to a place of fame and popularity. Dedrickson won two gold medals and one silver medal in the 1932 Olympic Games. In 1936, Jesse Ones, who is from the United States of America, won four gold medals and retired after achieving world records in seven competitions.
In the early 1940's (Cornelius & Remdream) - from the United States of America - caught the eye of the followers of the field and track games by winning track and field by jumping with the stick more than 15 feet, a total of 43 times.
During the fifties of the twentieth century, athletes broke all previous world numbers except for the number (Oun (in the long jump of 1935 AD. Among the great players in the mid-twentieth century long distance runner) Emil Zatobek) emerged from Czechoslovakia الحديدية and the iron ball thrower (Barry O'Brien) The discus thrower (Al Orter) is from the United States of America. Zatobek won four Olympic gold medals in athletics and ten world numbers at the same time.
O'Brien has broken the iron throwing numbers 13 times, winning first and second positions and fourth in Olympic Games. Orter won the discus in the Olympic Games four times. Athletics today. This sport has changed dramatically since the mid-twentieth century. Achievements that were believed to be impossible became normal these days.
In 1954, British runner Roger Banster became the first person to travel a mile in less than four minutes. In the 20 years that followed, more than 200 people traveled a mile in less than four minutes.
In the late eighties of the twentieth century ¡was not among the top 50 players who scored great holidays in every competition only a few of the players before the 1980's. There are a number of reasons for this impressive progress in athletics º Among those reasons is the increasing competition in Europe ¡
In addition to the development that took place in both training methods, equipment and performing arts. Athletics was usually an amateur sport. However, the rules have been expanded to allow athletes to receive large sums of cash in exchange for signing athletic shoes or other products, and for appearing in invitations to sports competitions.
As a result, the chances of earning cash increased the level of competitions, and the developed training methods helped athletes these days to perform well and to master it º Weight lifting training gives players more strength to throw, jump and even to run. Also, modern equipment and devices have raised the levels of players' performance. Synthetic tracks ¡that include a lot of pulsating forces reduce the runner’s time significantly to one second per session.
The use of a fiberglass jumping stick instead of a wooden stick (the stick) reduced the spectacular heights and durameres to high school performance levels ¡Modern technologies have also benefited ¡for example in high jump استخدام the use of (Fosbury dart) adds about 15 cm to most of the jump. Reflects the current athletics heroes ¡
The global popularity of this sport. The list of biggest names in athletics for men in the 1980s includes Barriers champion Edwin Moses, runner Carl Lewis from the United States, long-distance runner Saeed Aouita from Morocco, Sebastian Co from Britain and cane champion Sergey Bubka from the Soviet Union (formerly) ¡
Decathlon champion Dali Thompson from Britain. In women's competitions, sprinter Marita Koch and hostility and long jump champion Heikki Driessler (formerly East Germany) were two of the main dignitaries in the 1980s. Other important sports personalities include runner Florence Griffith Joynerg, long jump champion, and seven-player Jackie Joyner Quercy of the United States of America.
"What is athletics?"
Athletics is a sport in which players compete in running, hiking, jumping and throwing competitions.
Track competitions consist of running and walking races of various distances. Field races are matches in jump or throw, and track and field meetings can be held in closed halls or outdoors. Men and women compete separately in meetings.
Athletics are the most popular sports in the world. There are about 180 countries affiliated with the International Athletics Federation - the body that manages and organizes athletics. The IAAF recognizes the numbers of world championships in 65 men's and women's competitions. The federation only recognizes world championship numbers in the metric distance, except for the mile race. The list attached to this article monitors the main championship numbers for men and women.
Track and field =
Hippodrome:
Outdoor (outdoor) running tracks are oval in shape and are usually planned in a large stadium (stadium) The IAAF rules specify that the length of outdoor running tracks is not less than 400 meters, and most modern tracks are exactly this length.
In the past, the tracks were covered with dust or covered with ash or metal waste, but most of the new tracks are made of artificial water-repellent material and can be used in rainy weather. The enclosed halls have a wooden or artificial surface. And it has usually tilted curves. According to the rules of the International Amateur Athletics Federation, the preferred scale of the track in a closed hall is 200 meters. The external tracks are divided into eight or nine. The runners must remain on their tracks in all races of 400 m and less, until they pass the first curve in the 800 m.
The IAAF rule also requires that the width of the track be between 122 cm and 125 cm.
Field:
Most field competitions take place in a space surrounded by a track. However, in some encounters, one or more shooting competitions may be held off the field to protect other athletes and spectators gathered in the field or to avoid damaging the artificial turf that covers many fields of athletics. Field includes ways of approaching jumping competitions. It also has circular areas covered with materials such as concrete or asphalt in most shooting competitions.
Track races:
Track competitions include a variety of races, such as short distance races, and are called running, as they run at their fastest speed ¡, while long distance races require greater durability. In certain running races, such as hurdle races and hurdles races, runners must jump over obstacles. As for the other races, called relay races, teams of runners participate.
Running races:
Run on an off-track ¡that covers distances from 100m to 10,000m. As for running races inside closed halls, their distances are between 50 m and 5,000 m.
Cross-country and road races are held off the field. Cross-country competitors cross over terrain like plateaus and fields. Most road races are open to all runners' participation, and prize money is awarded to winners of many races. The standard distance in a road race is ten kilometers.
Barriers races:
Competitions in which the competitors pass the obstacles called barriers. Most of these races have ten barriers separated by equal distances.
There are two races barriers, medium and high . The average barriers are 91 cm high for men and 76 cm for women. As for the high barriers for men, the height is 107 cm, while the height of the high barriers for women is 84 cm. Medium hurdle races cover 400m or 440 yards in both men and women competitions. Most races to cross the outer high barriers are 110 m for men and 100 m for women. Barriers can fall without the contestant being faulted ¡, but friction with the barrier usually slows down the feud.
Inhibitions races:
Usually the distance of this race is 3000 m ¡and there are two types of obstacles قام hurdles and water repellents. Runners should be fixed above barriers with a height of 91 cm 28 times. These hurdles are strong and more stable than the hurdles used, and the runner can step on them when he breaks them. The runner must cross the waterbath seven times.
The waterbath consists of a barrier and a square-shaped hole filled with water with a length of 663 cm. The runner crosses the obstacle race from above the barrier and skips a hopper through the water. The depth of the pit is 70 cm¡ below the barrier, then it rises up to the level of the track. Most runners in a hurdle race descend into the waters of the shallow end of the pit to soften their descent.
Walking races:
In it, players must follow specific rules of walking technique, as the front foot must touch the ground before the rear feet rise from the ground. While touching the foot of the ground, the leg must not be bent for at least one moment. The participants in the walking race are entitled to receive only one warning about the performance error before being excluded from the race. Walking races can be held on a track or road. Most international men's walking races cover 20,000m or 50,000m. As for the numbers of women's world championships, two numbers are recognized: 5,000 and 10,000 m.
Relay races:
It is performed by teams composed, each, of four joggers. The first runner carries a stick about 30 cm long and, after running for a limited distance called a stage, hands the stick to the next team member. This delivery must take place in a region of 20 m in length. If the two runners do not exchange the stick within this area, their team is excluded. Running distances in most relay races are set at 100m or 400m.
The IAAF maintains world records for the 800m and 1600m relay races. All four team members in these relay races run equal distances.
Field races:
Field races are held in places specially prepared for this purpose and within the confines of an oval-shaped racetrack. The typical field competition consists of four hiking distances and four shooting competitions. Jumping competitions are: long jump, triple jump, high jump and stick jumping. The throwing competitions are discus, hammer throwing, javelin throwing, and throwing iron ball.
Vaulting (jumping):
Players in long jump and triple jump jump forward as best they can. As for the high jump and the stick jump (the pole), the contestant bounces as high over the beam as possible from the height, while the long jump, sometimes called the wide jump, is carried out in one jump into a sand-filled pit. To start the long jump, the participant runs at a maximum speed, sloping over a long road, jumping and jumping from the elevation plate. If the player steps across the board before jumping, the jump is counted as a mistake. The length of the dash is measured from the edge of the jump pad to the nearest mark the player leaves in the sand. And when the number of players is large, each player is allowed three, and a certain number of applicants qualify for three and other constants. When players compete less allows each one six and firming . If two players exceed the same distance, the winner will have the next best dart.
The triple jump ¡is originally called the hopscotch, the step, and the jump, and it is three continuous streak ¡The first two jumpers are made on the approach road. The player ascends to one foot in the hopscotch and lands on the same foot, and in the second step the player lands on the second foot. At the end of the third jump, the player lands on both feet in a sand pit. The high jump players and the stick jump (pole) attempt to push themselves from above a long beam raised on two columns called the upright. Players landing on a foam rubber cushions . If the player drops the crossbar from the carriers, the jump is counted as a failure. Three unsuccessful constants exclude the player. The winner is the competitor who bounces to the highest height. If the tie remains, the winning contestant is the one with the least set of failed attempts at that height. If the tie continues, then the competitor who has the lowest total of failed attempts at all heights is the winner. The high jump player starts running towards the crossbar from any angle within a large semi-round approaching area. A player may use any jumping method, but he must raise one foot. In the most common modern method called "Fosbury", players jump and crossbar first, bouncing their heads. This method was named after the American champion for high jump Dick (Fosbury) ¡who introduced it in the late 1960s.
The stick player uses a long stick, usually made of fiberglass. His jump starts running at the fastest speed on the approaching path, holding the stick with both hands. When he approaches the jumping hole, he presses the tip of the far stick in a wooden or metal box buried in the ground, then folds the stick. While he is attached, leaning back to the ground and feet up. And when the stick is straight where it helps to fling it into the air, it attracts itself high and turns its body to face the ground. And before he abandons the stick, he gives himself a final push with his arms to increase his height.
Throwing competitions:
Throwing competitions require players to push a body as far as possible. The competitors aim to throw the disc, hammer and iron ball all from within a circle. In throwing discs and hammers, players throw a cage called a cage to protect viewers from stray throws. In the javelin competitions, the player runs the planned approaching approach in the field, and throws the javelin before it reaches the fault line that is forbidden to be crossed. In every competition, the projectile must land within a specified striped area ¡and if two competitors achieve the same distance, the tie between them will be decided in the next best throw.
The disc is a bowl-shaped body made of wood in a metal frame. The pill that men use is about 22 cm in diameter and weighs at least two kilograms. The diameter of the disc that women use is about 18 cm ¡and weighs at least one kilogram. The player holds the disk with one hand, quickly turns around himself one and a half times, and throws him with a side arm movement to make him swim in the air.
The hammer consists of a steel wire with a metal ball attached to one end and a handle fixed to the other end. The entire hammer weighs 7.26 kg¡ and is approximately 120 cm long. The player uses both hands, holding the handle, and spinning about three or four turns before launching.
Spear spear made of metal or wood . The javelin used by men ranges between 2.6m and 2.7m and weighs at least 800g. The spear used by women ranges between 2.2 m and 2.3 m¡ and weighs at least 600 g. The player grabs the spear from his handle near the middle, runs, and then shoots him over the top of the arm while running. The ball is metal, and the diameter of a men's ball is approximately 12 cm. It weighs a minimum of 7.26 kg, and the diameter of a women's ball is about ten centimeters, and weighs at least four kilograms. Contestants push the ball rather than throw it º the ball must be held against the neck to prevent any throwing. The player begins with a strong kick off from one leg, and ends with a very strong boost with the arm.
Deca, Seven, and Five:
Deca, Seven, and Five are complex competitions in which a player competes in several different competitions in a period of one or two days. The points scored by the competitors are announced after completing each competition. Points are calculated according to the points counting schedule according to the rules of the International Amateur Athletics Federation. The winner is the player with the highest score. Thus المنافسة the champion of the competition is the best multi-skilled player, and not necessarily the best competitor in any single competition.
Deca:
Ten races for men. It will be held on two consecutive days. On the first day, participants compete in the 100-meter sprint, long jump, push the iron ball, and high jump 400 sprint. On the second day, participants compete in the high barriers ¡throwing the disk ¡and jumping with the stick ¡and throwing the javelin ¡1500 m running.
Sibai:
It is seven women's competitions that are held in two consecutive days. On the first day, they start with high barriers, followed by high jump, then pushing the iron ball, then 200 m. On the second day, the competition takes place in the long jump, then the javelin, then 800 m.
Five-pointed:
Competition in one of the five competitions, and these days are rarely held ¡The Sibai replaced the quintet for women in 1981. As for the five-year competitions for men, it includes the long jump, then the javelin, then 200mph, then the discus, then 1500m,
Organizations:
The International Athletics Federation (IAAF) oversees international athletics. He manages and organizes world athletics championships, and cooperates with the International Olympic Committee in directing track and field matches at the Olympic Games as well as international events such as the Golden League and the Grand Prize. Other organizations run national championships and restricted tournaments - such as university and college meetings, regional meetings, clubs and school meetings.
Types of competitions:
The most international events are the Olympic Games that started in 1896 AD and the World Championships that started in 1983. The Olympic Games are held every four years. World championships are also held every two years. Other major international events include African Championships, Commonwealth Games, European Championships, Pan American Games and the World Cup. Many countries compete against each other in annual bilateral meetings, competitions between two teams.
Track:
In the typical track meeting, many competitions are held simultaneously. The administrators organize each competition according to its own rules. The race requires a starting point, a few referees at the finish line, and a large number of timing hours, sometimes up to twelve hours.
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